Therapeutic and diagnostic methods for ulcerative colitis and associated disorders

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to the field of therapy and diagnostic methods for ulcerative colitis. Specifically, the method comprises administering a compound or recombinant protein that inhibits interaction between CEP and human tropomyosin. Also included in the invention are methods to screen for drugs useful in treating ulcerative colitis and diagnostic methods for detecting diseases associated with an autoanticen response to hTM in affected tissue.

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/359,401 filedFeb. 5, 2003, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/779,689 filedFeb. 8, 2001, and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,446, which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 60/181,356, filed Feb. 8, 2000,which are incorporated herein by reference.

This invention was made in the course of research sponsored by theNational Institutes of Health, Grant No. RO1-NIADDK 47673.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of therapy and diagnostic methodsfor ulcerative colitis. Specifically, the method comprises administeringa compound or recombinant protein that inhibits interaction between CEPand human tropomyosin. Also included in the invention are methods toscreen for drugs useful in treating ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various scientific and scholarly articles are referenced throughout thespecification. These articles are incorporated by reference herein todescribe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

The Ca²+ dependence of vertebrate skeletal muscle contraction is dueentirely to a set of specialized accessory proteins closely associatedwith actin filaments. If myosin is mixed with pure actin filaments in atest tube, myosin ATPase is activated whether or not Ca²+ is present; ina normal myofibril, on the other hand, where the actin filaments areassociated with accessory proteins, the activation of the myosin ATPasedepends on Ca²+.

One of these accessory proteins is a rigid rod-shaped molecule, calledtropomyosin because of similarities to myosin in its x-ray diffractionpattern. Like the myosin tail, tropomyosin is a dimer of two identical.alpha.-helical chains which wind around each other in a coiled coil. Bybinding along the length of an actin filament, tropomyosin stabilizesand stiffens the filament.

Tropomyosins are present in all eukaryotic cells. Different isoforms oftropomyosin, generated through alternative splicing, are expressed in atissue-specific manner (Less-Miller, J P, et al., Bioassays 1991; 13:429-37). In human fibroblast tissue, at least eight isoforms of TMs havebeen identified. These isoforms range in molecular weights from 30-40kDa (Lin J J-C, et al., Int Rev Cytol 1997; 170:1-38). Classically,tropomyosins are known to remain intracellular because they lack thesignal sequence required for membrane insertion and translocation(Less-Miller, supra).

Human tropomyosin (hTM) is a cytoskeletal microfilament protein. Asignificant number of ulcerative colitis patients show a preferentialimmune response to hTMs, in particular, the hTM5 isoform. Thus, hTM is acandidate autoantigen in ulcerative colitis. Using lamina proprialymphocytes from mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis andulcerative colitis sera, an autoantibody response to hTM isoforms hasbeen demonstrated in several independent studies, including that of Das,K M, et al. J Immunol. 1993; 150:2487-93. Such an anti-hTM autoantibodyresponse, however, was not seen in patients with Crohn's disease.Recently, these findings were extended to an animal model of colitisusing TCR^(α)−/− mice (Mizoguchi, A., et al. J. Exp Med. 1996; 183:847-56). Severity of colitis in these mice is directly correlated withthe increased titer of anti-TM autoantibodies and the increased numberof appendicular B cells producing anti-TM autoantibodies (Mizoguchi, A.,et al. J. Exp Med 1996; 184:707-15).

In colon epithelium, the most predominantly expressed hTM isoform ishTM5 (Geng X, et al., Gastroenterology 1998; 1 14:912-22). It ispresently unknown whether hTM5 is accessible to anti-TM autoantibodies,particularly when the target protein is expected to be exclusivelyintracellular. The possibility of externalization of hTM5 in colonepithelium and likelihood of the passive transport of hTM5 with asecretory protein has been considered. One likely candidate for thischaperone function is a colon epithelial-specific protein recognized bythe 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonal antibody.

The monoclonal antibody 7E₁₂H₁₂ was raised using highly enriched colonictropomyosin (earlier named as 40 kDa protein or p40) (Das K M, et al.,J. Immunol 1987; 139:77-84). However, 7E₁₂H₁₂ does not react with any ofthe known hTM isoforms in ELISA or immunotransblot analysis, either frommuscle as well as from non-muscle epithelial cells (Das K M, et al.,Gastroenterology 1997; 112:A955). However, the 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonalantibody recognizes a cell membrane associated protein presentexclusively in the colon epithelium (Das K M, et al. (1987) supra; Das KM, et al. (1997) supra). By immunotransblot analyses, CEP has beenidentified as a high molecular weight (>200 kDa) protein present incolon epithelial cells but not in small intestinal enterocytes. Amongthe colon cancer cell lines, LS-180, and DLD-1 cells express the7E₁₂H₁₂-reactive protein but HT-29 cells do not (Hassan T., et al., ClinExp Immunol. 1995; 100:457-62).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that hTM5 isexternalized in colon epithelium but not in small intestinal epithelium,despite the lack of a signal peptide. Furthermore, hTM5 is specificallyassociated with the colon epithelial-specific protein (CEP), and bothare found to be secreted by LS-180 colon cancer cells.

The first aspect of the invention-is due to the new appreciation thathTM is externalized in the colon epithelium and thus can stimulate theimmune system and provide its antigenic role. The physical interactionof hTM with CEP is also now appreciated as important for the release ofhTM outside the cell. Since an autoantibody response to hTM isassociated with ulcerative colitis, the condition can be treated bydecreasing the externalization of hTM in the colon. The first aspect ofthe invention is therefore a prophylactic and therapeutic method fortreating or preventing ulcerative colitis and other diseases associatedwith an autoantigen response to hTM in patients in need of such atreatment. In preferred embodiments, the hTM isoform is hTM5. In apreferred embodiment, this treatment method comprises administering acompound to target cells. The compound inhibits the externalization ofhTM and/or interaction between CEP and hTM within target cells. Inpreferred embodiments, the target cells are colon cells. In a morepreferred embodiment, the compound inhibits the interaction between CEPand hTM by physically binding either within the cell. In a particularlypreferred embodiment, the compound is a recombinant protein that has afunctional hTM binding domain from CEP or CEP-like proteins and competesfor hTM binding it vivo. In another preferred embodiment, the compounddecreases or causes a decrease in the expression of the CEP protein intarget cells. In another preferred embodiment, the compound reduces therelease of hTM from colon cells. The compound may also prevent secretionof the CEP-hTM complex from the target cells. In a more preferredembodiment, the compound affects the organization of the cytoskeletonand/or inhibits active secretion. In a most preferred embodiment, thecompound is phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, monensin or methylamine.

Another aspect of the invention is a prophylactic or therapeutic methodto treat ulcerative colitis and other diseases associated with anautoantigen response to hTM that uses the specific binding of CEP to hTMto decrease or remove the autoantigenic nature of hTM. One embodiment ofthe method entails administering a recombinant protein that comprises afunctional hTM binding site from CEP operably linked to a non-antigenicprotein. Another embodiment of the method entails tolerization byrepeated oral feeding of the hTM and/or CEP.

Another aspect of the invention is method to identify drugs that areuseful for treating ulcerative colitis and other diseases associatedwith an autoantigen response to hTM which targets the disassociation ofthe CEP-hTM complex. In a preferred embodiment, intracellularassociation of CEP and hTM is determined by hTM secretion from humancolon cells, with a decrease in hTM secretion indicative of a drug withtherapeutic properties. In a more preferred embodiment, the LS-180 cellsare used.

Another aspect of the invention is a diagnosis method for detectingdiseases associated with an autoantigen response to hTM which entailsdetecting CEP-hTM complexes in affected tissue. Presence of CEP-hTMcomplexes are indicative of disease. In one embodiment, the complexes,or a part of them, are detected in the extracellular space of theaffected tissue or by sensitized lymphocytes form colonic mucosa. Inanother embodiment, the CEP-hTM complexes are detected in intracellularspace of the affected tissue. In a preferred embodiment, the tissue isthe colon epithelium.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will be betterunderstood by reference to the drawings, detailed description andexample that follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Cell surface expression of hTM5 on colon epithelial cells:

Colon epithelial cells were isolated from freshly obtained surgicalspecimens (normal segments) and analyzed by flow cytometry using antihTM mAbs, (A) CG3 (anti-hTM5), C) LC-24 (anti-HTM4), and D) CG1(anti-hTM1) and with anti-CEP mAb, 7E₁₂H₁₂ (B). The reactivities ofrespective isotype control mAbs are shown by a dotted line. Panel Eshows a histogram of percent positive cells in the flow cytometricanalysis of epithelial cells from six different colon specimens usingCG3 mAb. The isotype control mAb, MOPC-lgM was used for each sample todetermine the background staining.

FIG. 2: Flow cytometric analysis of ileal epithelial cells:

Epithelial cells isolated from ileum (A and B) do not show reactivitywith either CG3 (A) or with 7E₁₂H₁₂ (6) mAbs. The background stainingwith isotype control mAbs is shown by the dotted lines. The data arerepresentative of two ileal and two jejunal specimens. Panel C shows aWestern blot analysis using ceillysates (10 ug proteins in each lane) ofthree different colon and one ileal specimens with CG3 mAb. hTM5reactivity is clearly evident at 31 kDa. Panel D shows Western blotanalysis using 7E₁₂H₁₂ mAb against total cell Iysates (10 ug proteins ineach lane) from colon epithelial cells (lane-1), jejunal epithelialcells (lane-2), LS-180 colon cancer cells (lane-3), and the cell freeculture medium from the dish where LS-180 cells were grown (lane-4)after 8% SDS-PAGE. CEP is present in freshly prepared colon epithelialcells and LS-180 cells, but not in jejunal epithelial cells. CEP is alsoseen in the LS-180 culture medium. CEP is the only protein at >200 kDareactive to 7E₁₂H₁₂ mAb.

FIG. 3: Flow cytometric analysis of colon cancer cell lines withanti-hTM5 mAbs:

LS-180, a colon cancer cell line, shows staining with two anti-hTM5mAbs, CG3 (A); and LC-1 {B) and with anti-CEP mAb, 7E₁₂JH₁₂(E). Anothercolon cancer cell line, HT-29 (C, D and F) does not show any reactivitywith either anti-hTM5 or anti-CEP mabs. The background staining withisotype control mAbs is shown by the dotted lines.

FIG. 4: Flow cytometric analysis of LS-180 cells with mAbs to hTMisoforms other than hTM5 (hTM1-4):

Anti-hTM4 (LC-24), B) anti-hTM1 (CG1), and C) anti-hTM 2&3 (Cg β6), mAbsdo not show any reactivity on the surface of LS-180 cells. Thebackground staining with isotype control mAbs is shown by the dottedlines.

FIG. 5: Release of hTM5 in the culture medium:

The presence of hTM5 is demonstrated in the cell-free culture medium(CM) and lysate of LS-180 cells using mAbs, CG3, and LC-1 in the Westernblot analysis (10 ug protein in each lane). As a positive marker,recombinant hTM5 is run in parallel. A protein of ˜60 kDa, which ispresumably an undissociated dimer of hTM5, is also detected by CG3. AWestern blot analysis of cells lysate and CM with an anti-ribosomeprotein antibody shows the presence of two ribosomal proteins (19 and 38kDa) in the lysate but not in CM, suggesting the lack of cell damage.

FIG. 6: Coimmunoprecipitation experiments using the cell free culturemedium (1.5 ml) of ³⁵S-methionine-labeled LS-180 cells with 7E₁₂H₁₂ andLC-1 mAbs:

The immune complexes were washed as described in methods and wereanalyzed by 3-12% gradient SDS-PAGE-fluorography. Lane-1 shows immunecomplexes precipitated by 7E₁₂H₁₂ mAb and lane-2 contains immunecomplexes precipitated by LC-1 mAb. Both CEP and hTM5 arecoimmunoprecipitated by both 7E₁₂H₁₂ and LC-1 mAbs. 7E₁₂H₁₂ mAb shows ahigher amount of CEP compared to LC-1 immunoprecipitation, suggestingthat there is a larger amount of CEP in the supernatant that is notbound to hTM5.

FIG. 7: Effect of secretagogues and inhibitors on the secretion of hTM5in LS-180 cells:

A) Culture supernatant of LS-180 cells, labeled with 33S-methionine (100μCi/ml) for 16 h and chased for 2 h incubated with various drugs, wasimmunoprecipitated and analyzed by 3-12% SDS-PAGE-fluorography. Foruntreated cells, 10 μI/ml of DMSO was added during the chase.Immunoprecipitation was performed using 7E₁₂H₁₂ (lanes 1-4) or LC-1(lanes 5-8) mAbs. Lanes 1 and 5 show the immunoprecipitation profile ofthe culture supernatant from untreated cells. Note the presence of a 31kDa protein in lanes 1 and 5. The effect of secretagogues was examinedby addition of 2 μM A23187 (lanes 2 and 7) or 10 μM PMA (lanes 3 and 6)during the chase. To examine the combined effect, A23187 (2 μM) and PMA(10 μM) were added together (lanes 4 and 8, respectively). B and C) Forquantitative determination, a densitometric analysis of the 31 kDa band,coimmunoprecipitated with CEP (lanes 1-4) or hTM5 (lane 5-8) wasperformed with a 1 square millimeter window using a BioRad 670densitometer after overnight exposure of the gel. Histograms B and Crepresent lanes 1-4 and 5-8 respectively. D) Effect of inhibitorssecretion of hTM5. The inhibitors were added during the chase and theculture medium was immunoprecipitated with LC-1 mAb. Lane-1:PMA (10 μM),Lane-2:DMSO only, Lane-3:monensin (10 μM), and Lane-4:methylamine (10mM) and analyzed by 3-12% gradient SDS-PAGE-fluorography. Note theabsence of hTM5 in lanes 1, 3, and 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The specific interaction between the colon epithelium-specific protein(CEP) and the autoantigen human tropomyosin (hTM) is known to be afundamental element in the development of the inflammatory bowel diseaseulcerative colitis. Formation of CEP-hTM complexes is a requirement forthe secretion of hTM from the colon epithelium and the resultingautoimmune response. Secretion of hTM in the colon epithelium and not inthe small intestine is due to expression of CEP in the colon epithelium.While not limiting the functioning of the invention to any oneexplanation, it is likely that the intracellular interaction of thesecretory protein CEP and intracellular protein hTM allows for thepassive transport of hTM with CEP out of the cell.

Thus, it is likely that the extemalization of hTM5 is by cotransport ofhTM5 with a secretory protein. The externalization of hTM5 in the colonepithelial cells and not in small intestinal enterocytes, suggests thata colon-specific factor is involved in the process. This is supported bythe fact that the 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonal antibody was raised by injectinghighly enriched colonic TM (previously identified as p40) (Das K M, etal. J Immunol 1987;139:77-84), and the correlation between the cellsurface expression of colon-specific protein, CEP and hTM5. HTM5 isexpressed intracellularly in both colonic and small intestinalepithelial cells. Yet, cell surface expression of hTM5 is seen only oncolonic epithelial cells, and LS-180 cells which express CEP but not insmall intestinal epithelial cells and HT-29 cells that lack CEP. This isfurther substantiated by the recovery of intact hTM5 and CEP in theculture medium of LS-180 cells. The coinmnunoprecipitation experimentsusing anti-hTM5 monoclonal antibody and 7E₁₂H₁₂2 monoclonal antibody ofthe present invention further demonstrates physical association of hTM5with CEP. Disappearance of 31 kDa protein, not precipitable by LC1 afterimmunoprecipitation with 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonal antibody also suggests thatCEP associated 31 kDa protein is hTM5.

CEP of the present invention is identified as a high molecular weightprotein (>200 kDa). This was evidenced using colon epithelial cell andLS-180 colon cancer cell lysates as well as LS-180 culture medium byimmunotransblot analysis with 7E₁₂H₁₂. Further, the monoclonal antibody,7E₁₂H₁₂ did not react with any other proteins including the hTM isoforms1-5 with molecular weights that range from 31 kDa to 40 kDa in any ofthe cell lysates or the culture medium that contain hTM.

CEP is a membrane associated protein that is secreted from the coloncells. hTM5 is associated with the cytoskeleton. CEP and hTM5 arebelieved to remain segregated in the cell. TM isoforms are involved instabilizing actin filaments, changing cell shape, and regulatingintracellular granule movement and cytokinesis (Lin J J-C, et al.,(1997) supra). Actin cytoskeleton is known to be involved in thestimulus-dependent regulated exocytosis of stored secretory granules inLS-180 cells (McCool D J, et al. (1995) supra). Based on the observationthat hTM5 is coinmmunoprecipitated with CEP, at least a small amount ofCEP may enter regulated exocytosis via stored secretory granules. Thismay facilitate the access of hTM5 to the secretory pathway.

The present invention demonstrates that two secretagogues, A23187 andPMA, have different effects on the secretion of CEP and hTM5. CEPsecretion was unaffected in response to both A23187 and PMA. However,hTM5 secretion was increased by A23187 and inhibited by PMA. It is knownthat A23187 and PMA stimulate mucin secretion in LS-180 cells (McCool DJ, et al. (1995) supra). However, PMA can affect the organization ofcytoskeleton and thus may interfere with the secretion of hTM5(Derventzi A., et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 182: 1423-28).The secretion of hTM5 maybe inhibited by drugs known to inhibitGolgi-dependent and Golgi-independent secretion of proteins, such asmonensin, and methylamine, respectively. Although the secretory pathwayof hTM5 in LS-180 cells is not known, the inhibitory effect of these twodrugs further supports the hypothesis that hTM5 is actively secreted byLS-180 cells. Cell surface expression of CEP is sensitive to monensin,suggesting the involvement of Golgi in the transport of CEP molecules.Thus, the present invention demonstrates that a Ca⁺² ionophore such as(A23187) facilitates the interaction between CEP and hTM5, whereas PMA,monensin, and methylamine interfere either with the physical interactionor cotransport of the CEP-hTM5 complex.

Cell surface expression and secretion of hTM5 are relevant to theautoimmune mechanisms in ulcerative colitis because the autoantibodyresponse is directed to colonic tropomyosins. Colonic tropomyosins mayalso be available for the mucosal immune system during apoptosis ofepithelial cells. A physico-chemical analysis of common structuralmotifs present in 109 human autoantigens has revealed that tropomyosinshave the highest number of such motifs and thus, a very high propensityto act as autoantigens (Dohlman J G, et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun1993; 195: 686-96). The putative target antigen for autoantibodies inulcerative colitis, such as hTM5 or hTM related peptide, may stimulatethe effector immune system and can promote destruction of the epitheliumby various immune mechanisms, including complement activation.Autoantibodies to the intracellular proteins are found in manyautoimmune diseases and in most cases, such antibodies are considerednonpathogenic unless the target autoantigen is accessible to theantibodies. Several studies demonstrated that autoantibodies can also beinternalized inside the target cells and may cause cell damage(Alarcon-Segovia D., et al., Immunol Today 1996; 17:163-64). Thepossibility that the intracellular target antigens are exposed to theautoantibodies is demonstrated in a mouse model for experimentalautoimmune myocarditis as reported by Lio L., et al., J. Exp Med 1995;181:1123-31. In this model, autoantibodies to myosin cause tissue damageand inflammation, presumably via complement fixation.

The present invention indicates that CEP functions as a chaperone forthe transport of hTM5. The lack of CEP in the small intestine canexplain why hTM5 is not externalized by small intestinal enterocytes.This may also be relevant as to why ulcerative colitis is restricted tothe colon. In the gastrointestinal tract, CEP is expressed only in colonepithelial cells. However, at extracolonic sites, CEP is expressed inskin and biliary epithelium, ciliary epithelium in eye, and also inchondrocytes. These are organs and tissues commonly involved ininflammatory bowel disease. As shown by immunoperoxidase studies usingfixed formalin tissue, hTM5 is also expressed at these extraintestinalsites (Marks M, et al., Gastroenterology, 1998; 114: A1032. Thus, thepresent invention suggests a possible role for the CEP+hTM5 complex inthe immunopathologenesis of ulcerative colitis.

The association of the CEP and hTM proteins forms the basis of thepresent invention relating to ulcerative colitis and associateddiseases. The present invention also includes prophylactic andtherapeutic methods to treat ulcerative colitis as well as associateddisorders that involve disturbing the binding of CEP to hTM in order toremove the hTM autoantigen from the extracellular space. Alsocontemplated in the present invention are aspects that use the presenceof the CEP-hTM complex in diagnostic methods for ulcerative colitis andrelated disorders. The present invention also includes a method toidentify drugs that will be helpful for the treatment of ulcerativecolitis and related diseases.

The compounds of the present invention may be any compound associatedwith ulcerative colitis that inhibits the externalization of hTM fromcolon epithelial cells. Preferably, the compound inhibits the formationof the CEP-hTM complex in a target cell. More preferably, the compoundinhibits the interaction between CEP and hTM5 by physically binding toeither CEP or hTM5 within the target cell. Even more preferably, thecompound is a recombinant protein that acts as a functional hTM bindingsite from CEP. Preferably, administration of the inventive compoundpreferably results in a decreased expression of the CEP protein intarget cells, and/or prevents secretion of the CEP-hTM complex. Thisinhibition of CEP-hTM complex may be achieved by affecting either thecytoskeletal organization of the cell or active secretion. Examples ofsuitable compounds for the above mentioned purposes arephorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, monensin and methylamine.

The amount of compound that is administered is a therapeuticallyeffective amount. The exact amount of compound used is a matter ofpreference subject to such factors as the type of condition beingtreated (e.g., ulcerative colitis) as well as the dosage recommended orpermitted for the particular compound. In general, the amount ofcompound employed is the dosage required to obtain the desired result.

The present invention also extends to methods of treating or preventingulcerative colitis and other associated diseases comprisingadministering a compound of the invention to a target cell. If thecompound is a recombinant protein, the recombinant protein ideallycomprises a functional hTM binding site found on the CEP protein. Thisbinding site is operably linked to a non-antigenic protein.

The compounds and recombinant proteins of the present invention may beadministered together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers toprovide pharmaceutical compositions which can be administered to a humanorally or rectally or both, in amounts effective to provide a variety oftherapeutic activity. Of course, the type of carrier will depend on themode of administration desired for the pharmaceutical composition as isconventional in the art as well as the desired site of action.Preferably, the compound or protein is administered orally or rectallyto the human.

It is especially advantageous to formulate the pharmaceuticalcompositions in dosage unit forms for ease of administration anduniformity of dosage. The term, “dosage unit forms” as used hereinrefers to physically discrete units suitable for use as a unitarydosage, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of activeingredient calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect inassociation with the pharmaceutical carrier.

Extraintestinal manifestations in patients with inflammatory boweldisease are very common. The majority of these manifestations accompanythe underlying disease and are influenced by its activity.Manifestations include those listed in Table 1. Because theseextraintestinal manifestations are closely associated with inflammatorybowel disease, it is likely that many share their origin in theautoantigenic properties of externalized hTM. The diagnosis andtreatment of these extraintestinal disorders are also contemplated withregards to the methods of the present invention. TABLE 1 Extraintestinalmanifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. MusculoskeletalArthritis-colitic type, ankylosing spondylitis, isolated jointinvolvement Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy-clubbing, periosteitis,metastatic Crohn's disease Miscellaneous-osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis,polymyositis Skin and mouth Reactive lesions-erythema nodosum, pyodermagangrenosum, aphthous ulcers, vesiculopustular eruption, necrotizingvasculitis Specific lesions-fissures and fistulas, oral Crohn's disease,drug rashes Nutritional deficiency-acrodermatitis enteropathica (Zn),purpura (vitamin C and K), glossitis (Vitamin B), hair loss and brittlenail (protein) Associated diseases-vitiligo, psoriasis, amyloidosis,epidermolysis bullosa acquisita Hepatobiliary Specificcomplications-primary sclerosing cholangitis and bile duct carcinomaAssociated inflammation-autoimmune chronic active hepatitis,pericholangitis, portal fibrosis and cirrhosis, Metabolic-fatty liverOcular Uveitis (iritis), episcleritis, scleromalacia, corneal ulcers,retinal vascular disease

Thus, also included in the present invention are methods of screeningfor drugs that are useful in treating ulcerative colitis and associateddiseases. One such method of screening comprises administering acandidate drug to human colon cancer cells and subsequently determiningthe amount of CEP-hTM complex in the cells. The amount of CEP-hTMcomplex is compared to either a negative control (e.g., a cell nottreated with the putative drug) or to levels of CEP-hTM complex measuredbefore administration of the putative drug. A decrease in CEP-hTMcomplex levels are indicative of therapeutic value of the drug. In oneembodiment, this cell based assay measures, the amount of CEP-hTMcomplex is determined by quantifyng the amount of hTM secreted from thecolon cancer cells. In a highly preferred embodiment, the colon cancercells are LS-180 cells. Detection of secreted hTM may be achieved usingWestern analysis immunoprecipitation as described in Example 5, below,on the serum/culture medium with an antibody specific for the secretedhTM.

Another aspect of the invention includes a cell-free assay for bindingCEP-hTM complexes. The hTM and CEP proteins are combined in a cell-freesystem and contacted with the test compound. The cell-free system isselected from a group consisting of a cell lysate and a reconstitutedprotein mixture. The hTM and CEP are simultaneously expressed in a cell,and the cell is contacted with the test compound. Suitability of thetest compound is determined by measuring the ability of the testcompound to cause a decrease in hTM-CEP complex formation. Detection ofhTM-CEP complexes may be achieved using conventional techniquesincluding but not limited to gel electrophoresis or size exclusion gelchromatography. These methods are routine and well-known to one ofordinary skill in the art.

Also included in the present invention are expression based assayscomprising a CEP gene and a promoter to form a construct, wherein theconstruct is operably linked to a reporter gene.

The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described andexemplified above, but is capable of variation and modification withoutdeparture from the scope of the appended claims.

Definitions

As used herein, the term, “treating” includes a therapeutic treatment ofan existing or established disorder in which CEP binding to hTM isaffected, or prevention of the symptoms in a subject at risk for adisorder in which CEP-hTM interaction is affected.

For purposes of the present invention, the term, “subject” is intendedto include human and non-human animals. The term, “non-human animals”includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such asnon-human primates, sheep, dog, cow, chickens, amphibians, reptiles,etc. In certain embodiments, the subject is a mammal, e.g., a primate,e.g., a human.

In the present invention, the term, “administering” is intended toinclude routes of introducing to a subject at least one compound toperform its intended function. Administration can be carried out by anysuitable route of administration, including orally, intramuscularly, orintraperitoneal.

As used herein, the term, “therapeutically effective amount” refers tothe quantity of compound necessary to prevent, to cure or at leastpartially arrest the symptoms of the disease or disorder and itscomplications.

By “binding” is meant a physical association between two or moremolecules which is more prolonged and/or of greater strength or affinitythan would be observed following random collisions of molecules that donot bind to one another. Such binding may be transient or for a longerperiod.

By “screening” is meant a process in which a large number of potentiallyuseful agents are processed in the method of this invention. It is aprocess distinct from a single experiment in which a single agent isstudied in detail to determine its method or mode of action.

By easily detectable reporter is meant any agent or substance which canbe readily detected by physical, chemical, biochemical, enzymatic orother means. Such reporters include, but are not limited to, enzymes,fluorescent, luminescent, or chromophoric molecules, antibodies labeledwith any of the foregoing, and haptens and antigens that can be detectedusing such antibodies.

By “in vitro translation system” is meant a cell-free extract capable oftranslating a protein or proteins from an RNA or RNAs encoding suchproteins. Such a mixture typically contains ribosomes, tRNAs, aminoacids, salts, and various other factors required to sustain proteinsynthesis, in addition to the RNA(s) that direct protein synthesis. Suchmixtures are typically prepared from sources such as, but not limitedto, rabbit reticulocytes, HeLa cells, wheat germ, and E. coli cells;extracts prepared from such sources may be supplemented by the additionof tRNAs, amino acids, and so on, as necessary.

The term “operably linked” or “operably inserted” means that theregulatory sequences necessary for expression of the coding sequence areplaced in a nucleic acid molecule in the appropriate positions relativeto the coding sequence so as to enable expression of the codingsequence. This same definition is sometimes applied to the arrangementother transcription control elements (e.g. enhancers) in an expressionvector.

Transcriptional and translational control sequences are DNA regulatorysequences, such as promoters, enhancers, polyadenylation signals,terminators, and the like, that provide for the expression of a codingsequence in a host cell.

The terms “promoter”, “promoter region” or “promoter sequence” refergenerally to transcriptional regulatory regions of a gene, which may befound at the 5′ or 3′ side of the coding region, or within the codingregion, or within introns. Typically, a promoter is a DNA regulatoryregion capable of binding RNA polymerase in a cell and initiatingtranscription of a downstream (3′ direction) coding sequence. Thetypical 5′ promoter sequence is bounded at its 3′ terminus by thetranscription initiation site and extends upstream (5′ direction) toinclude the minimum number of bases or elements necessary to initiatetranscription at levels detectable above background. Within the promotersequence is a transcription initiation site (conveniently defined bymapping with nuclease Sl), as well as protein binding domains (consensussequences) responsible for the binding of RNA polymerase.

The following examples are provided to describe the invention in greaterdetail. They are intended to illustrate, not to limit, the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Cell Culture

Colon cancer cell lines, LS-180 and HT-29 were obtained from AmericanType Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. The cells were grown inDulbecco-modified Eagle's medium (DME) supplemented with 10% fetalbovine serum, penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 ug/ml).

EXAMPLE 2 Monoclonal Antibodies (Monoclonal Antibodies)

Anti-TM monoclonal antibodies against five isoforms of hTM (hTM1-5) aresummarized in Table 2. These monoclonal antibodies are highly isoformspecific. The isotype control monoclonal antibodies, MOPC IgG and MOPCIgM, were purchased from Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, Mo. Development andcharacterization of a colon epithelium-specific monoclonal antibody,7E₁₂H₁₂ was reported earlier (Das, K M, et al., (1987) supra). Apolyclonal anti-human ribosomal protein serum, which recognizes threeribosomal proteins of molecular weights 38 kDa, 19 kDa, and 17, kDa, waspurchased from Immunovision, Springdale, Ariz. Anti-actin monoclonalantibody (AC-40) was obtained from Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, Mo.

EXAMPLE 3 Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Six surgical specimens of colon were obtained from patients with coloncancer (normal segments). Normal jejunal specimens were obtained fromtwo patients having undergone gastric by-pass surgery for obesity. Twonormal ileal specimens were obtained from two patients who underwentright hemicolectomy. Epithelial cells were prepared according to theprotocol of Mayer L, et al., J. Exp Med 1987; 166:1471-83.

EXAMPLE 4 Flow Cytometry Analysis

Single cell suspensions were obtained from the cell lines by dislodgingthe monolayers with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 4 mMEDTA, washed twice with PBS, and viability was determined by trypan blueexclusion. Freshly prepared intestinal epithelial cells were used forflow cytometry analysis within 1 h after ensuring >90% viability. Cellswere incubated with monoclonal antibodies (5 μg/ml) in PBS containing 1%bovine serum albumin, and 0.02% sodium azide and the samples wereprocessed for analysis on a Coulter flow cytometer (Coulter Corporation,Fullerton, Calif.) as described in Holmes, K. Current Protocols inImmunology; New York. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994: section 5.3.

EXAMPLE 5 Biosynthetic Labeling and Immunoprecipitation

To examine the possible association of hTM5 with the colonepithelial-specific protein (CEP), reactive with the 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonalantibody, we adopted the protocols for radiolabeling, chase, and drugtreatment used in the study of regulated and unregulated secretion ofglycoproteins from colon cancer cells (McCool D J., et al., Biochem J.1995; 312: 125-33; and Brion C., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1992;267:1477-83). LS-180 cells were labeled in methionine-free mediumsupplemented with 5% dialyzed fetal bovine serum with ³⁵S-methionine(100 μCi/ml) for 16 h. Labeling was terminated by washing the cells twotimes with PBS followed by chase with regular DME for 2 hr. To examinethe effects of stimulators and inhibitors of secretion, appropriatedrugs were added during the chase period as described (McCool et al,supra; and Brion, et al., supra). Immunoprecipitations were performed onthe culture medium as described in Kesari, K V and Geliebter, J.Immunol. Letts 1993: 38:77-83. After the chase, the culture medium wascollected, centrifuged to remove any insoluble material, and mixed withone tenth volume of 10× lysis buffer (500 mM Tris Cl, pH 7.4 mM MgCl₂,5% NP40, and protease inhibitor cocktail, Complete, Boehringer-Mannheim,GMBH, Germany). To reduce nonspecific binding, the culture medium, whereLS-180 cells were grown, was preabsorbed with protein G agarose(GIBCO-BRL, NY) for 16 h at 4.degree. C. Immunoprecipitation was carriedout on ice with purified monoclonal antibodies (5 μg/ml) or ascites (10μl/ml) for 2 h and the immune complexes were collected on Protein GAgarose. To collect IgM immune complexes, Protein G Agarose waspre-coated with affinity purified rabbit anti mouse IgM-μ chain-specificimmunoglobulins (2 mg IgG/ml gel). The immunecomplexes were washed threetimes by centrifugation with ice cold washing buffer-1 (50 mM Tris Cl,pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EBTA, and 0.5% NP40), followed by one wash inbuffer-2 (50 mM Tris Cl, pH 7.4, 500 mM MaCl, 5 mM EDTA, and 0.5% NP40),and once with buffer-3 (50 mM Tris Cl, pH 7.4).

EXAMPLE 6 Electrophoresis

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE),and fluorography was performed as described by Coligan, J., currentProtocols in Immunology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994: Unit8. Using methods well known to those of skill in the art, Western blotanalysis was performed to determine the secretion of hTM5 by LS-180cells. When LS-180 cells were subconfluent, plates were gently washedwith PBS three times and the medium was replaced with serum-free DME.After 18 h incubation, culture medium was removed, centrifuged at 15,000g for 30 min and the supernatant was concentrated by vacuum dialysisagainst PBS. The protein concentration was determined by Bio-Rad proteinassay kit (bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.). The amount ofproteins secreted by LS-180 cells under these experimental conditionswas 1.6 ug/ml. Ten microgram protein from either LS-180 culture medium(CM) or cell lysate was analyzed in 8% or 10% SDS-PAGE followed byimmunotransblot analysis using 7E₁₂H₁₂ and anti-hTM5 monoclonalantibodies and polyclonal antibody against ribosomal proteins. Thestrips were then developed using chemiluminescence withperoxidase-conjugated appropriate anti-immunoglobulins (NEN LifeSciences, Boston, Mass.).

EXAMPLE 7 Experimental Results

To determine whether an isoform of tropomyosin or a tropomyosin-relatedmolecule is expressed on the cell surface, freshly isolated colonic andsmall intestinal epithelial cells were examined by the flow cytometryanalysis in the present invention. Colon epithelial cells were isolatedfrom freshly obtained surgical specimens (normal segments) and wereanalyzed by flow cytometry using anti hTM monoclonal antibodies, CG3(anti-hTM5), LC-24 (anti-hTM4), and CG1 (anti-hTM) and 7E₁₂H₁₂(anti-CEP). The isotype control monoclonal antibody. MOPC-IgM was usedfor each sample to determine the background staining. Of the fivemonoclonal antibodies against various hTM isoforms (hTM1-5) (see Table2), only anti-hTM5 monoclonal antibody, CG3, showed significantstaining, with a difference of two logs compared to the isotype controlmonoclonal antibody on the colonic epithelial cells (FIG. 1A). The colonepithelium-specific monoclonal antibody, 7E₁₂H₁₂ used as a positivecontrol also showed strong reactivity with the same preparation of thecolon epithelial cells (FIG. 1B). (The use of monoclonal antibody7E₁₂H₁₂ in treating ulcerative colitis is discussed in U.S. Pat. No.5,869,048.) However, the reactivity with the anti-hTM monoclonalantibodies against hTM isoforms 1-4 was similar to the isotype controlmonoclonal antibodies, MOPC-IgG or MOPC-IgM (FIG. 1C for hTM4; FIG. 1Dfor hTM1). This suggests the lack of surface expression of hTM 1-4 oncolon epithelial cells. These data, in combination with other data (asdiscussed below), suggest the presence of hTM5 but not other hTMisoforms (hTM-4) on the surface of colon epithelial cells.

Using CG3 monoclonal antibody in flow cytometry analysis, the inventorexamined colonic epithelial cells freshly isolated from six surgicallyresected colon specimens. Each of the colon epithelial specimens reactedto CG3 in the flow cytometry analysis. However, there wereinter-individual variations in the percent of positive cells (FIG. 1E).To minimize the artifacts, only colon epithelial cell samples with morethan 90% viability were used. Using the isotype control monoclonalantibody, MOPC-IgM, although a higher background staining of colonepithelial cells was observed compared to colon cancer cells (see FIG.3), the positive reactivity of normal colon epithelial cells by the flowcytometry analysis with CG3 monoclonal antibody was clearly evident(FIGS. 1A and 1E).

To examine whether a similar CG3-reactive epitope is present on theepithelial cells from other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, freshlyisolated epithelial cells from two normal ileal and two jejunalspecimens were analyzed by flow cytometry. Epithelial cells isolatedfrom ileum do not show reactivity with either CG3 or with 7E₁₂H₁₂monoclonal antibodies. Western blot analysis was performed using celllysates (10 μg proteins in each lane) of three different colon and oneileal specimens with CG3 monoclonal antibody. hTM5 reactivity wasclearly evident at 31 kDa. Western blot analysis was performed using7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonal antibody against total cell lysates (10 μg proteinsin each lane) from colon epithelial cells, jejunal epithelial cells,LS-180 colon cancer cells, and the cell free culture medium from thedish where LS-180 cells were grown after 8% SDS-PAGE. CEP was present infreshly prepared colon epithelial cells and LS-180 cells, but not injejunal epithelial cells. CEP was also seen in the LS-180 culturemedium. CEP is the only protein at >200 kDa reactive to 7E₁₂H₁₂monoclonal antibody.

No difference was observed in the reactivity of epithelial cells fromeach of the four small intestinal specimens with CG3 monoclonal antibodywhen compared to the control MOPC-IgM (FIG. 2A). The colonepithelium-specific monoclonal antibody 7E₁₂H₁₂, also did not show anyreactivity in the small intestinal epithelial cells (FIG. 2B). The lackof surface staining of hTM5 as well as CEP with CG3 and 7E₁₂H₁₂monoclonal antibodies in the flow cytometry analysis on the smallintestinal epithelial cells was believed to be due to the lack ofexpression of hTM5 and CEP in these cells. Immunotransblot analyses wasperformed using the small intestinal epithelial lysates. Colonicepithelial cell lysates were used in parallel. Both small intestinal andcolonic epithelial cell extracts express hTM5 intracellularly, asevidenced by the transblot analysis probed with CG3 monoclonal antibody(FIG. 2C). However, only colon epithelial cell lysates and not smallintestinal epithelial extract expressed CEP (FIG. 2D, lanes 1 and 2respectively). LS-180 colon cancer cell line extract also reacted withthe 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonal antibody (FIG. 2D, lane 3). The 7E₁₂H₁₂reactivity is clearly evident against a high molecular weight proteinabove 200 kDa. No reactivity of 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonal antibody was observedwith any other proteins, including the hTM isoforms (hTM1-5) expected inthe range of 31 kDa to 40 kDa. Thus, the present invention demonstratesthat although intracellular hTM5 is present in both colonic and smallintestinal epithelial cells, the surface expression of hTM5 isrestricted to colon epithelial cells and CEP expression, both on thesurface and intracellularly. Further, this surface expression of hTM5 isrestricted to colon epithelial cells and is not in small intestinalenterocytes (FIG. 2).

To establish an in vitro system, the cell surface expression of hTM5 oncolon cancer cell lines LS-180 and HT-29 was examined.: For colon cancercell line studies, two anti-hTM5 monoclonal antibodies were employed.These anti-hTM5 monoclonal antibodies, CG3 and LCl, recognize twoindependent epitopes in the N terminal part of hTM5 encompassing aminoacid residues 29-44 and 1-18. respectively (Table 2). LS-180, a coloncancer cell line, shows staining with two anti-hTM5 monoclonalantibodies, CG3, and LC-1 and with anti-CEP monoclonal antibody,7E₁₂H₁₂. Another colon cancer cell line, HT-29 does not show anyreactivity with either anti-hTM5 or anti-CEP monoclonal antibodies. Inflow cytometric analysis, LS-180 cells showed a positive signal withboth CG3 and LC1 (FIGS. 3A and 3B). The reactivity with LC1 monoclonalantibody was stronger than CG3. However, the reactivity with CG3monoclonal antibody was stronger in the freshly isolated colonepithelial cells (FIG. 1A). LS-180 cells also exhibit a strong signalwith the colon epithelium-specific monoclonal antibody, 7E₁₂H₁₂2 (FIG.3E), used as a positive control. In the flow cytometry analysis, thecolon cancer cell line HT-29 was negative for both CG3 and LC1monoclonal antibodies as well as for the 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonal antibodyFIGS. 3C, 3D and 3F). Inmunotransblot analysis using HT-29 cells and theanti hTM5 monoclonal antibodies and 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonal antibodydemonstrated intracellular presence of hTM5. However, no reactivity wasobserved with the 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonal antibody. Thus, the reactivitypatterns of HT-29 were similar to small intestinal epithelial cells.TABLE 2 Monoclonal antibodies used in the flow cytometry andimmunotransblot analyses Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Antibody (Ig)Immunoreactive Refer- (monoclonal antibody) Isotype Protein ences CG1IgG1 hTM1 9, 17 CGβ6* IgM hTM2&3 9, 18 CG3 IgM hTM5 18 LC24 IgG1 hTM4 9,19 LC1** IgG1 hTM5 19 7E₁₂H₁₂ IgM CEP** 12*The monoclonal antibody Cgβ6 reacts with both hTM2 and hTM3.**CG3 and LC1 monoclonal antibodies recognize two independent epitopesin the N terminal part of hTM5 encompassing amino acid residues 29-44and 1-18, respectively (Alarcon-Segovia D, et al., (1996) supra).

To investigate if the surface expression on LS-180 cells is restrictedto hTM5 isoform, the reactivity of LS-180 cells was examined by flowcytometry analysis using isoform specific monoclonal antibodies againstfour other hTM isoforms. In particular, monoclonal antibody LC24 wasused for hTM4, CG1 was used for hTM1, and Cg.beta.6 was used for hTM2&3.The reactivity of each of these three monoclonal antibodies was similarto the isotype control antibodies, MOPC IgG or MOPC IgM.

It was found that anti-hTM4 (LC-24), anti-hTM1 (CG1), and anti-hTM 2&3(Cg.beta.6), monoclonal antibodies were not reactive on the surface ofLS-180 cells. Thus, the four hTM isoforms (hTM1-hTM4) were not detectedon LS-180 cells (FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C). This further supports that amongthe five hTM isoforms, only hTM5 is expressed on the surface of LS-180cells.

To ascertain the molecular identity of the CG3/LC1-reactive proteinexpressed on the surface of colonic epithelium, CG3/LC1-reactive proteinwas immunoprecipitated following a lactoperoxidase-radioiodination ofsurface proteins. This did not yield convincing reactivity most probablybecause of the low amount of hTM5 on the surface of the cells. Using analternative strategy, the inventor then examined for possible release ofhTM5 from the cells into the medium. Indeed, hTM5 could be recovered inthe intact form from the culture medium (FIG. 5). The presence of hTM5was demonstrated in the cell-free culture medium and lysate of LS-180cells using monoclonal antibodies, CG3 (FIG. 5A), and LC-1 (FIG. 5B) inthe Western blot analysis (10 ug protein in each lane). As a positivemarker, recombinant hTM5 was run in parallel. A protein of approximately60 kDa, presumably an undissociated dimer of hTM5, was also detected byCG3 (FIG. 5A). This protein is present even when highly pure recombinanthTM5 is used. Other investigators have reported hTM dimers in SDS-PAGE(Gimona M. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:9776-80). A Westernblot analysis of cells lysate and CM with an anti-ribosome proteinantibody shows the presence of two ribosomal proteins (19 and 38 kDa) inthe lysate but not in culture medium (FIG. 5C). This suggests anintegrity of the cells and lack of cell damage. Further, actin wasexamined by both immunotransblot analysis and immunoprecipitationexperiment using ³⁵S-labeled LS-180 cells with the anti-actin monoclonalantibody. The culture medium did not contain actin, further supportingthe finding cell integrity and lack of cell damage.

If intracellular hTM5 is released due to cell damage or cell death,ribosomal proteins and actin could be expected in the culture mediumbecause like hTMs, the ribosomal proteins and actin are ubiquitously andabundantly expressed intracellular proteins. The presence of hTM5 andabsence of ribosomal proteins in the culture medium suggest the releaseof hTM5 by LS 180 cells. The LS-180 culture medium also contains 7E₁₂H₁₂reactive protein, CEP (FIG. 2D, lane 4).

As demonstrated in the experiments described above, both hTM5 (31 kDa)and CEP (>200 kDa) are present in the LS-180 culture supernatant asshown by the immunotransblot analysis (FIG. 2D and FIG. 5).Coimmunoprecipitation experiments were performed with LS-180 culturemedium using anti-hTM5 monoclonal antibody LC1 and 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonalantibody. For these experiments, LS-180 cells were labeled with³⁵S-methionine. Culture medium was collected as described above. Immunecomplexes were washed as described in methods and were analyzed by 3-12%gradient SDS-PAGE-fluorography. Both CEP and hTM5 werecoimmunoprecipitated by both 7E₁₂H₁₂2 and LC-1 monoclonal antibodies(FIG. 6). The 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonal antibody shows a higher amount of CEPcompared to LC-1 immunoprecipitation. This suggests that there is alarger amount of CEP in the supernatant that is not bound to hTM5. Whenimmunoprecipitated again with LC-1, the 31 kDa (hTM5) protein could notbe detected. This lack of immunoprecipitation indicates complete removalof hTM5 after a single precipitation with LC1 or 7E₁₂H₁₂ monoclonalantibodies. This observation further supports the physical associationof hTM5 with CEP. Although in the immunoprecipitation experiments a fewother minor proteins could be seen, the possibility of 7E₁₂H₁₂monoclonalantibody reacting directly with any protein other than CEP is unlikely,because Western blot analyses using lysates of both freshly isolatedcolon epithelial cells, LS-180 colon cancer cells as well as the LS-180culture medium demonstrated specific reactivity only to CEP (FIG. 2D).Similarly, the specific reactivity of LCl only to hTM5, both in the celllysate and culture medium, is clearly evident in the immunotransblotanalysis (FIG. 5B).

To investigate whether the release of hTM5 from LS-180 cells is anactive process, the effect of known stimulators (secretagogues), andinhibitors of secretion was examined in the present invention. Twosecretatogoues, the Ca⁺² ionophore A23187, andphorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) have been used to explore thesecretory pathways in LS-180 cells (McCool D J et al (1995) supra).Culture supernatant of LS-180 cells were labeled with ³⁵S-methionine(100 μCi/ml) for 16 h and chased for 2 h incubated with various drugs,was immunoprecipitated and analyzed by 3-12% SDS-PAGE-fluorography. Foruntreated cells, 10 μl/ml of DMSO was added during the chase.Immunoprecipitation was performed using 7E₁₂H₁₂ (FIG. 7A, lanes 1-4) orLC-1 (FIG. 7A, lanes 5-8) monoclonal antibodies. Controls comprised theimmunoprecipitation profile of the culture supernatant from untreatedcells. A 31 kDa protein was observed in the controls. The effect ofsecretagogues was examined by addition of 2 μM A23187 (FIG. 7A, lanes 2and 7) or 10 μM PMA (FIG. 7A, lanes 3 and 6) during the chase. Toexamine the combined effect, A23187 (2 μM) and PMA (10 μM) were addedtogether (FIG. 7A, lanes 4 and 8).

A differential effect of the two drugs on CEP and hTM5 secretion wereobserved. The secretion of CEP was not significantly affected by thedrug treatments (FIG. 7A, lanes 1-4) suggesting that a majority of CEPmolecules are secreted in the absence of secretagogues. Several otherproteins, including the 31 kDa protein, were coinmmunoprecipitated withCEP (FIG. 7A, lanes 1-4). When the culture medium from untreated cellswas immunoprecipitated with LC-1 monoclonal antibody, hTM5 (31 kDa) anda few other proteins were seen (FIG. 7A, lane 5). The CEP-associated 31kDa protein (FIG. 7A, lanes 1, 2 and 4) co-migrated with hTM5 (FIG. 7A,lanes 5, 7 and 8), thus supporting the argument that the 31 kDa proteinis hTM5 (FIG. 7A, lanes 5, 7 and 8). Relatively smaller amounts ofprotein corresponding to CEP was coimmunoprecipitated with hTM5. This isconcordant with the notion that CEP and hTM5 form a complex but not allsecreted CEP molecules are associated with hTM5 (FIGS. 6 and 7A).

A densitometric analysis of the 31 kDa band coimmunoprecipitated withCEP or hTM5 was performed with a 1 square millimeter window using aBioRad 670 densitometer after overnight exposure of the gel. Thesedensitometric patterns of the 31 kDa protein, immunoprecipitated eitherby 7E₁₂H₁₂ (FIG. 7B) or LC-1 (FIG. 7C) monoclonal antibodies, aresimilar when compared with the respective drug. treatments, furthersuggesting that the 31 kDa protein is hTM5. Compared to only DMSOtreatment, the Ca⁺² ionophore stimulated the secretion of hTM5 by 4.5fold in the 7E₁₂H₁₂ (FIG. 7B) and by 7.8 fold in the LC-1 (FIG. 7C)Immunoprecipitations, whereas PMA almost totally inhibited the secretion(FIGS. 7B and 7C). This was a surprising result because PMA and A23187are known to exert a synergistic effect on the regulated secretion inLS-180 cells (McCool D J, et al., (1995) supra). When PMA and A23187were added together, the amount of secreted hTM5 increased by 5.76 and7.8 fold in the immunoprecipitation With 7E₁₂H₁₂ and LC-1 monoclonalantibodies, respectively (FIG. 7A, lanes 4 and 8, respectively; FIGS. 7Band 7C). This increase suggests the dominant effect of A23187.Furthermore, if cell lysis or death were contributing to the release ofhTM5 in the culture supernatant upon treatment with a drug, one wouldexpect to see only increased amount of hTM5 released by dead or damagedcells. Further, if cell lysis or death were responsible for hTM5release, inhibition of hTM5 secretion would not be expected. However,inhibition of hTM5 was observed in the present invention as seen herewith PMA.

The effect of two inhibitors of active secretion, namely, monensin, andmethylamine, on the secretion of hTM5 was investigated. Inhibitors wereadded during the chase. Culture medium was immunoprecipitated with LC-1monoclonal antibody. The rationale for the choice of these inhibitorswas that monensin is known to inhibit Golgi function (McCool D J, etal., (1995) supra) whereas methylamine has been shown to inhibitextra-Golgi transport of proteins (Sato, S., et al., Exp Cell Res 1993;207: 8-18). PMA was also included in the experiment as a knowninhibitor. Secretion of hTM5 was inhibited by both monensin andmethylamine (FIG. 7D).

The flow cytometric analyses of freshly isolated colon epithelial cellsand a colon cancer cell line, LS-180, demonstrate the presence of hTM5or hTM5-related molecule on the cell surface. There is someheterogeneity in the epithelial cells isolated from surgical specimens,which may be in part due to the contamination by other cell types,interindividual variations in the cell surface expression of hTM5 or dueto the colon epithelial cells that do not express hTM5 on cell surface.The profile of staining of LS-180 cells with CG3, and LC1 monoclonalantibodies suggest that only a small amount of hTM5 is present on thecell surface and a portion of LS-180 cell population may not expresshTM5 on the surface at a given time. It is not known whether the cellsurface expression of hTM5 is cell cycle dependent or whether it is adynamic process of transient surface expression prior to its releaseoutside the cells. However, externalization of any amount of hTM5 isunexpected because hTMs are cytoskeletal microfilamental proteins andlack the signal peptide. Such an externalization was not seen in thesmall intestinal enterocytes and in HT-29 colon cancer cells studied inparallel. This is supported by several examples of the externalizationof intracellular proteins lacking leader peptides and other signals fortheir insertion into the membranes and subseaueat translocation, such asbasic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), interleukin-1, and yeast matingfactor .alpha.

The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described andexemplified above, but is capable of variation and modification withinthe scope of the appended claims.

1. A method for treating or preventing ulcerative colitis and otherassociated diseases in target cells, comprising administering a compoundto the target cells, wherein said compound inhibits interaction betweenCEP and hTM.
 2. A method for inhibiting the externalization of hTM5comprising contacting a cell with an agent which blocks the secretion ofa hTM5 and CEP complex thereby inhibiting the externalization of hTM5.